How does nitrous oxide work as an anesthetic?

Nitrous oxide functions primarily as a sedative and analgesic, making patients comfortable during surgical or dental procedures. It achieves its anesthetic effect by interacting with various receptors in the brain, including the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and opioid receptors, which helps to reduce pain perception and provides a sense of euphoria or relaxation.

While nitrous oxide can contribute to a state of minimal sedation or anxiolysis, it does not induce general anesthesia on its own as a more potent anesthetic agent would. Unlike local anesthesia, which targets specific nerves to block sensation in a localized area, or muscle relaxants that directly affect muscle function, nitrous oxide acts systemically. It is particularly valued for its rapid onset and quick recovery, making it suitable for outpatient procedures.

Therefore, the characterization of nitrous oxide as a sedative and analgesic accurately reflects its mechanism and role in anesthesia practice.